Structure of an Organization Essay Example for Free

Structure of an Organization EssayOrganization structure refers to the method which the makeup utilizes to distribute its workers and jobs across the organization so that the tasks of the organization can be performed and the goals of the organization be achieved. Therefore, at that place exists a number of such structures e.g. divisional, multidivisional, matrix or operational structure. This paper evaluates the profit of functional and multidivisional structures. Gareth Jones (2007) defined the organizational structure as the total number of ways whereby the workforce of the organization is distributed into different tasks and their coordination then is realized among such tasks. Adner Levinthal (2001) sight that the way in which organization structure evolves is as a result of the shift in competition from innovation in crossroad to innovation in process. This change, as the market for the products or service of the firm grows, causes the structure of the firm to grow as well and may therefore turn from functional to multidivisional.Utterback Abernathy (1975) spy that after an organization is formed it fence with other organizations in the market on the basis of its differentiation strategy. They bound off on the basis of product differentiation and as they grow hike up, they change their focus from product alone to cost differentiation strategy as well as economies of scale. This leads them to invest to a greater extent in the manufacturing process and other processes to make their product stand out as a specialized one. Tushman Anderson (1986) spy that this process may not be uniform every time. Some technological or technical discontinuity might cause this process to halt and thus start it all everyplace again. They further discovered that some companies may in any case focus on process innovation to stand out against competitors e.g. Toyota. However, other companies might like to continue on the basis of differentiation strategy e.g. BMW.Therefore, the lifecycle model represents a significant framework for organizations to devise their strategies and the processes they need to focus on in various competitive environments (Oster, 1994 Porter, 1980) Utterback Abernathy (1975) also defined the ways whereby the evolution process of the organization shapes upthe strategies of the firms. Gort Klepper (1982) gave effect to lifecycle model of industries by employing microeconomics supply side rationales as well as evolutionary economics. They nevertheless derived the same results. They too observed that organizations evolved first on the basis of product differentiation and on the basis of functional model and gradually shifted towards the ontogenesis in the number of firms under their auspices. When they r individually at the peak they have a number of firms under their umbrella which require for a more in-depth solicitude causing them to shift towards divisional concern.This stage is called the maturity stage of the organization. This is the stage when the firm is stable from low level to the top (Utterback Suarez, 1993). Lifecycle theories all agree that organizations start on the basis of competitive strategies and as they evolve their structure experiences change. The early stage of any organization witnesses product innovation. The organizations usually focus on manner of speaking innovation in a product that they launch in the market to distinguish it from the rest. The product is designed as per the latest unavoidably of the consumer but breathing needs are also satisfied by the product. Utterback Abernathy, 1975 They then gave the examples of the product innovation in market by organizations i.e. the unsanded products which were launched in market to compete with existing products on the basis of innovation and meeting the latest needs of the consumers e.g. AC systems were introduced to compete with DC systems and internal combustion engines were introduced to compete with ste am engines.Utterback Abernathy (1978) observed that in the initial stages when the product is being launched by the new organization, that organization is usually of small structure and the aim of such organization is to respond in a fast paced manner to the demands of the customers. However, when the firms get to the stage of maturity, they focus on the improvement of the process along with that of the product. They then involve the employment of latest engineering science and produce a dominant allele product e.g. AC systems came up as a dominant product compared to DC systems and internal combustion engines came up as dominant products as compared to steam engines. This transition from product innovation to innovation in process along with the product causes most of the organizations to change their structures so that new capabilities can be acquired by them. Talha (2005) described functional structure of theorganization as the one which involves the people being grouped toget her in a tight group to perform same activities or utilize same technologies and in the same department.This is therefore usually the structure of smaller organizations. This structure has its device characteristic weaknesses and strengths. Jones (2007) observed that functional structure represents that design of the organizational structure whereby the people involved possess common expertise, skills and resources. The aim of organizations structured in this manner is to produce their effectiveness so that their goals can be achieved by them. Jones (2007) said that the main advantage of this type of structure is that people work closely together so they work in a team like manner and have the opport social unity to learn from each other. They tend to be more specialized over time as well as productive. Since they possess same expertise and skills therefore they can also supervise each other conveniently. This enhances the effectiveness of the organization. Brews (2004) observed that functional structures first started to appear in 20th century when the industrial age started to emerge.The main concern for the management in that age was the efficiency of the organizations. The functional structure involved few managers which were at top while at bottom there were people. These people were organized as per the activity they used to perform. sanction was descended onto from top to bottom. However, despite the advantages enunciated above, there were also problems related to the functional structure. These were mostly two fold i.e. they involved communication and control problems. With the growth of the organizations and with the growth in its units and people, it became difficult to communicate since people and units became distant from each other in the same organization and it became difficult to measure the capability of the groups with few managers. It also gave switch off to location problem i.e. it became difficult to locate every unit at one place whi le on the other hand if they were located at different locations it again gave rise to communication problems.(Jones, 2007) The control problem related to the management of wider number of people and units within the organization. It became difficult to control a mountainous number of people possessing different skills as per the needs of the organization by same little number of managers. It also became difficult to gauge the problems and demands of the customers as the organizations grew as managers were busy in finding ways to coordinate withwidespread units/people while having little time to pay heed to customer queries, etc. Therefore, as organizations grew they started to get divided in various divisions with each division having its own management system. Each division then could have its own functional management system. This is what is referred to as multidivisional structure. (Jones, 2007) Such multidivisional structures arose due to different types of people working in t he same organization, having had the need to establish different units in the organization to meet customer demands and develop innovative products, increased integration and increased vertical differentiation.In such exemplifys organizations usually gave effect to multi divisional structure to meet the management needs of the organization. The focus of the multi divisional structure is to create small divisions within the organization with each division having its own management. Robbins (2009) observed that in multi divisional structures, each unit of the organization usually has its own management which is structured on a functional pattern. He believed that multidivisional structure is viable for those organizations whereby the same product requires different move to be assembled to form one product and that such product is sold in various markets. Jones (2007) said that at the heart of the multi divisional structure is the incorporate headquarter which is entrusted with over seeing the managers of each division of the organization.A number of circle 500 companies e.g. Nestle, General Motors, Pepsi Co and Coca Cola have multi divisional structures. Dessler (2004) observed that the main feature of the multi divisional structure is that the organization is departmentalized. He said when an organization grows successfully and a number of other brands also comes under its auspices e.g. as there are a number of brands acquired by Coca Cola over time, then it has to maintain different units for different purposes. For example, the unit entrusted with the responsibility to find market channels in USA may lack the competency to find marketing channels in Europe or China in which instance it would be a separate unit having such responsibilities. Each region would thus have its own unit but of the same organization and each unit may have its own management structure as well.Ireland (et al. 2011) observed that functional structure is relevant and appropriate for smaller organizations and for those organizations which have honest begun their operations. They gave example of Wal-Mart Stores Inc. that the store startedoff with functional structure in the beginning and progressed further. Moreover, Ireland (et al. 2011) also argued that one cannot apply the same structure to each organization. It is the circumstances of each company and organization which dictate the need for the relevant structure. Thus, organizational structure represents the fashion in which organization organizes itself from top to bottom. It may be functional in the starting when the organization has just begun its operation while it may be multidivisional when the organization is huge in terms of its operations, products and services such as Fortune 500 companies.BibliographyAdner Levinthal (2001) Demand heterogeneity and technology evolution implications for product and process innovation. worry Science 47 611-628. Brews (2004) Exploring the Structural Effects of Inte rnetworking. Strategic Management Journal, 25(5), 429452 Dessler (2004) Management Principles and Practices for Tomorrows Leaders. USA Pearson Education Gort Klepper (1982) Time Paths in the Diffusion of Product Innovations, Economic Journal 92(3) (1982), 630-653 Ireland (et al. 2011) The Management of Strategy Concepts and Cases. USACANADA South-Western Jones (2007) Organizational theory, design, and change (6th Ed) learner Hall Oster (1994) Modern Competitive Analysis. Oxford University Press New York. Porter (1980) Competitive Advantage. Free Press New York.Talha (2005) Organizational structure. Massachusetts, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Tushman Anderson (1986) Technological discontinuities and dominant designs a cyclical model of technological change. Administrative Science Quarterly 35 604-633 Utterback Abernathy (1975) A dynamic model of process and product innovation. Omega 3639-656. Utterback Suarez (1993) Innovation, competition, and industry structure. Rese arch Policy 221-21

Database security and encryption

Database warrantor and encodingIntroductionOrganisations atomic way out 18 increasingly relying on the distrisolelyed nurture remainss to gain productivity and efficiency advantages, hardly at the corresponding time atomic number 18 becoming more than vulnerable to protection threats. Database systems ar an integral comp whizznt of this distributed information system and hold all the info which enables the whole system to work. A informationbase notify be defined as a sh ared collection of logically related data and a rendering of this data, designed to meet the information needs of an organization. A database system is considered as a collection of related data, database management system (database management system) a software that manages (define, pee and master(prenominal)tain) and controls the memory inlet to the database, and a collection of database application(s) a program that interacts with the database at some point in its execution (typical mannikin is a SQL statement) along with the DBMS and the database itself 1. Organisations relieve unmatchedself adopted database systems as the anchor data management technology for decision- reservation and twenty-four hours-to-day operations. Databases are designed to hold large falls of data and management of data involves dickens defining grammatical constructions for storage of information and providing mechanisms for manipulation of information. As the data is to be shared among several exploiters the system moldiness avoid anomalous results and ensure the pencil eraser of the information stored despite system crashes and attempts at unaccredited glide path. The data involved here bathroom be highly sensitive or confidential, thus making the security of the data managed by these systems point more crucial as whatever security breach does not affect only a genius application or user but female genitals keep back disastrous consequences on the finished organisation. A number of security techniques have been suggested everywhere the peak of time to tackle the security issues. These arse be classified as access control, inference control, flow control, and encryption.1.1 A Short HistoryStarting from the day one when database applications were build utilize hierarchical and network systems to to long time date when we have so many different database systems like relational databases (RDBMS), object-oriented databases (OODBMS), object-relational databases (ORDBMS), eXtended Query (XQUERY) one factor which was, is, and testament be of the ut intimately importance is the security of the data involved. Data alship send awayal has been a valuable asset for companies and must be protected. Organizations cut down millions these days in give to achieve the best security standards for the DBMS. Most of an organizations sensitive and proprietary data resides in a DBMS, thus the security of the DBMS is a primary concern. When we talk of securing a DBM S, this is with respect to both the inborn and the external users. The internal users are the organization employees like database administrators, application developers, and end users who exactly use the application interface, which fetch its data from one of the databases and the external users can be the employees who do not have access to the database or an outsider who has zip to do with the organization. The early(a) factors which has made data security more crucial is the recent rapid growth of the meshing found information systems and applications and the concept of expeditious databases. Any intentional or accidental event that can adversely affect a database system is considered as a threat to database and database security can be defined as a mechanism that protects the database against such intentional or accidental threats. Security breaches can be classified as unauthorized data observation, ill-timed data revision, and data unavailability, which can lead to l oss of confidentiality, availability, integrity, privacy, and theft and fraud. Unauthorized data observation results in disclosure of information to users who business organisation leader not be entitled to have access to such kind of information. Incorrect data modification intentional or unintentional leaves the database in an incorrect state. Data can hamper the functionality of an entire organization in a proper way if not available when needed. Thus the security in foothold of databases can be mostly classified into access security and internal security. access security refers to the mechanisms apply to restrict any sort of unauthorized access to the database examples can be authorization methods such as e rattling user has a unique username and password to establish him as a decriminalize user when trying to connect to the database. When the user tries to connect to the database the login credentials will be checked against a set of usernames and password combinations se tup under a security rule by a security administrator. Internal security can be referred to as an extra level of security, which comes into picture if someone has already breached the access security such as getting hold of a valid username and password, which can help getting access to the database. So the security mechanism implemented indoors the database such as encrypting the data inside the database can be classed as internal security, which prevents the data to be via mediad even if someone has got unauthorized access to the database.Every organization needs to identify the threats they might be subjected to and the subsequently appropriate security plans and countermeasures should be taken, taking into consideration their implementation costs and irritate on performance. Addressing these threats helps the endeavor to meet the compliance and risk mitigation requirements of the most regulated industries in the world.1.2 How Databases are VulnerableAccording to David Knox 2, Securing the Database may be the single biggest action an organization can take, to protect its assets. Most commonly used database in an enterprise organization is relational database. Data is a valuable imagery in an enterprise organization. Therefore they have a very strong need of strictly controlling and managing it. As discussed earlier it is the responsibility of the DBMS to make sure that the data is kept secure and confidential as it the element which controls the access to the database. Enterprise database infrastructure is subject to an overwhelming range of threats most of the times. The most common threats which an Enterprise Database is exposed to areExcessive Privilege Abuse when a user or an application has been granted database access privileges which exceeds the requirements of their job functions. For example an academic institute employee whose job only requires only the ability to change the contact information for a student can also change the grades for the student. coherent Privilege Abuse legitimate database access privileges can also be abused for malicious purposes. We have two risks to consider in this situation. The first one is confidential/sensitive information can be copied using the legitimate database access privilege and because sold for money. The second one and perhaps the more common is retrieving and storing large amounts of information on invitee machine for no malicious reason, but when the data is available on an endpoint machine quite a than the database itself, it is more susceptible to Trojans, laptop theft, etc.Privilege Elevation software vulnerabilities which can be found in stored procedures, built-in functions, protocol implementations or even SQL statements. For example, a software developer can gain the database administrative privileges by exploiting the vulnerabilities in a built-in function.Database Platform Vulnerabilities any additional services or the in operation(p) system installed on th e database server can lead to an authorized access, data corruption, or denial of service. For example the Blaster Worm which took advantage of vulnerability in Windows 2000 to create denial of service.SQL Injection the most common attack technique. In a SQL injection attack, the attacker typically inserts unauthorized queries into the database using the vulnerable web application input forms and they get executed with the privileges of the application. This can be done in the internal applications or the stored procedures by internal users. Access to entire database can be gained using SQL injection Weak Audit a strong database audit is essential in an enterprise organization as it helps them to fulfill the organisation regulatory requirements, provides investigators with forensics link intruders to a crime deterring the attackers. Database Audit is considered as the last line of database defense. Audit data can identify the existence of a infringement after the fact and can be used to link it to a particular user and repair the system in case corruption or a denial of service attack has occurred. The main reasons for a weak audit are it degrades the performance by consuming the CPU and disk resources, administrators can turn off audit to hide an attack, organizations with mixed database environments cannot have a uniform, scalable audit process over the enterprise as the audit processes are unique to database server platformDenial of Service access to network applications or data is denied to the intended users. A simple example can be crashing a database server by exploiting vulnerability in the database platform. Other common denial of service techniques are data corruption, network flooding, server resource overload (common in database environments).Database Protocol Vulnerabilities SQL Slammer worm took advantage of a flaw in the Microsoft SQL Server protocol to force denial of service conditions. It affected 75,000 victims rightful(prenominal) o ver 30 minutes dramatically slowing down general internet traffic. Analysis of BGP Update Surge during Slammer Worm AttackWeak Au thuslytication obtaining legitimate login credentials by improper way contributes to weak authentication schemes. The attackers can gain access to a legitimate users login details by various ways by repeatedly entering the username/password combination until he finds the one which work (common or weak passwords can be guessed easily), by convincing someone to share their login credentials, by stealing the login credentials by copying the password files or notes.Backup Data Exposure there are several cases of security breaches involving theft of database backup tapes and hard disks as this media is thought of as least prone to attack and is often completely unprotected form attack 3. all these security threats can be accounted for unauthorized data observation, incorrect data modification and data unavailability. A complete data security solution must t ake into consideration the secrecy/confidentiality, integrity and availability of data. Secrecy or confidentiality refers to the protection of data against unauthorized disclosure, integrity refers to prevention of incorrect data modification and availability refers to prevention of hardware/software errors and malicious data access denials making the database unavailable. 1.3 Security TechniquesAs organizations increase their adoption of database systems as the primeval data management technology for day-to-day operations and decision-making, the security of data managed by these systems has become crucial. Damage and misuse of data affect not only a single user or application, but may have disastrous consequences on the entire organization. There are four main control measures which can be used to provide security of data in databases. These are Access Control Inference Control Flow Control Data encryptionChapter 2Literature ReviewSecure and secret means of communication has bee n always desired for in the field of database systems. There is always a hypothesis of interception by a party outside of the sender-receiver domain when data is transmitted. Modern digital-based encryption methods form the basis of todays world database security. encoding in its earlier days was used by military and government organizations to facilitate secret information but in present times it is used for protecting information within many kinds of civilian systems. In 2007 the U.S. government reported that 71% of companies surveyed utilized encryption or some of their data in transit 4.2.1 encodingEncryption is defined as the process of transforming information (plaintext) using an encryption algorithmic rule (cipher) into unreadable form (encrypted information called as ciphertext) making it in getatable to anyone without possessing special companionship to decrypt the information. The encoding of the data by a special algorithm that renders the data unreadable by any pro gram without the decryption notice, is called encryption 1. The law and cipher are the two methods of encrypting data. The encryption of data or a message is accomplished by one, or both, of the methods of encoding or enciphering. Each involves obvious methodologies and the two are differentiated by the level at which they are carried out. Encoding is performed at the word or block level and deals with the manipulation of groups of characters. Enciphering works at the character level. This includes scrambling individual characters in a message, referred to as transposition, and substitution, or replacing characters with others. Codes generally are designed to replace entire words or blocks of data in a message with other words or blocks of data. Languages can be considered codes, since words and phrases represent ideas, objects, and actions. There are codes that substitute entire phrases or groups of numbers or symbols with others. A single system may employ both levels of encodi ng. For example, consider a code encryption scheme as follows the = jam, man = barn, is = fly, dangerous = rest. Then the message, the man is dangerous, would read in encrypted form, jam barn fly rest. Although overly-simplistic, this example illustrates the basis of codes. With the advent of electrical-based communications, codes became more sophisticated in answer to the needs of the systems. For example, the inventions of Morse code and the telegraph dictated a need for secure transmission that was more sophisticated. Codes are very susceptible to fracture and possess a large exposure surface with regard to interception and decryption via analysis. Also, there are no easily-implemented means by which to detect breaches in the system. The other method of encryption is the cipher. Instead of replacing words or blocks of numbers or symbols with others, as does the code, the cipher replaces individual or smaller sets of letters, numbers, or characters with others, based on a certain algorithm and bring up. Digital data and information, including video, audio, and text, can be separated into groups, or blocks, of bits, and then manipulated for encryption by such methods as XOR (exclusive OR), encoding-decoding, and rotation. As an example, let us examine the basics of the XOR method. Here, a group of bits (e.g., a byte) of the data is compared to a digital fundamental, and the exclusive-or operation is performed on the two to score an encrypted result. Figure 2 illustrates the process. Figure 2 The XOR process for EncryptionWhen the exclusive-or operation is performed on the plaintext and key fruit, the ciphertext emerges and is sent. The receiver performs the exclusive-or operation on the ciphertext and the resembling key, and the original plaintext is reproduced 5. Encryption can be reversible and irreversible. Irreversible techniques do not allow the encrypted data to be decrypted, but at the same time the encrypted data can be used to obtain valid stat istical information. Irreversible techniques are rarely used as compared to the reversible ones. The whole process of transmitting data steadfastly over an insecure network system is called as cryptosystem that includes An encryption key to encrypt the data (plaintext) An encryption algorithm that transforms the plaintext into encrypted information (ciphertext) with the encryption key A decryption key to decrypt the ciphertext A decryption algorithm that transforms the ciphertext back into plaintext using the decryption key 1.2.2 Encryption TechniquesThe goals in digital encryption are no different than those of historical encryption schemes. The difference is found in the methods, not the objectives. Secrecy of the message and keys are of paramount importance in any system, whether they are on parchment paper or in an electronic or optical format 5. Various encryption techniques are available and broadly can be classified into two categories asymmetric and symmetric encryption. In symmetric encryption the sender and receiver share the same algorithm and key for encryption and decryption and depends on safe communication network for encryption key exchange whereas in asymmetric encryption uses different keys for encryption and decryption. noninterchangeable encryption gave birth to the concept of habitual and undercover keys and is preferred to symmetric encryption being more secure 1, 5.2.2.1 Symmetric EncryptionSymmetric encryption also known as single-key encryption or conventional encryption was the only encryption and by far the most widely used of the two types before the concept of public-key encryption came into picture. The figure below illustrates the symmetric encryption process. The original message (plaintext) is converted into apparently random information (ciphertext) using an algorithm and a key. The key is a value independent of the plaintext. The algorithm produces different outputs for specific keys used at the time i.e. the output of th e algorithm changes if the key is changed. The ciphertext produced is then transmitted and is transformed back to the original plaintext by using a decryption algorithm and the same key that was used for encryption.Figure Simplified perplex of Conventional Encryption 7 page 22The model can be better understood by the following example. A source produces a message X = X1, X2, X3 XM in plaintext. The M elements of X are letters in some finite alphabet. The alphabet usually consisted of 26 capital letters traditionally but nowadays binary alphabet 0,1 is used. An encryption key K = K1, K2, K3 .KJ is generated and is shared between the sender and the receiver using a secure channel. Also a third party can generate the encryption key and securely deliver it to both the sender and the receiver. Using the plaintext X and the encryption key K as input, the encryption algorithm produces the ciphertext Y = Y1, Y2, Y3 .YN asY = EK(X)where E is the encryption algorithm and the ciphertext Y is produced as the function of the plaintext X using E. At the receivers end the ciphertext is converted back to the plaintext as X = DK(Y)where D is the decryption algorithm.Figure Model of Conventional Cryptosystem 7 page 23The common symmetric block ciphers are Data Encryption Standard ( stilbesterol), Triple DES, and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)2.2.1.1 The Data Encryption StandardData Encryption Standard has been used in the most widely used encryption schemes including Kerberos 4.0. The National Bureau of Standards adopted it as a standard in 1977 7. DES operates on 64-bit blocks using a 56-bit key. Like other encryption schemes, in DES there are two inputs to the encryption function, the plaintext to be encrypted and the key. The plaintext should be of 64 bits in length and the key length is 56 bits obtained by stripping off the 8 parity bits, ignoring every eighth bit from the apt(p) 64-bit key. The output from the algorithm after 16 rounds of identical operations is th e 64-bit block of ciphertext. A suitable combination of permutations and combinations (16 times) on the plaintext is the basic building block of the DES. Same algorithm is used for both encryption and decryption except for processing the key schedule in the reverse order 6, 7. The 64-bit plaintext is passed through an initial permutation (IP) that produces a permuted input by rearranging the bits. This is followed by16 rounds of the same function, which involves both permutation and substitution functions. The last round results in the output consisting of 64-bits that are a function of the input plaintext and the key. The left and the right halves of the output are swapped to produce the preoutput. The preoutput is passed through a final permutation (IP-1), an inverse of the initial permutation function to achieve the 64-bit ciphertext. The overall process for DES is explained in the diagram belowFigure General Depiction of DES Encryption Algorithm 7 page 67The right hand side of the diagram explains how the 56-bit key is used during the process. The key is passed through a permutation function initially and then for each of the 16 rounds a subkey (Ki) is generated, by combining left circular shift and a permutation. For every round the permutation function is same, but the subkey is different because of the repeated iteration of the key bits.Since the adoption of DES as a standard, there have always been concerns about the level of security provided by it. The two areas of concern in DES are the key length and that the design criteria for the internal structure of the DES, the S-boxes, were classified. The issue with the key length was, it was reduced to 56 bits from 128 bits as in the LUCIFER algorithm add a new reference, which was the base for DES and everyone suspected that this is an terrible decrease making it too short to withstand brute-force attacks. Also the user could not be made sure of any weak points in the internal structure of DES that wou ld allow NSA to decipher the messages without the benefit of the key. The recent work on differential cryptanalysis and subsequent events indicated that the internal structure of DES is very strong.2.2.1.2 Triple DESTriple DES was developed as an alternative to the potential vulnerability of the standard DES to a brute-force attack. It became very popular in Internet-based applications. Triple DES uses nine-fold encryptions with DES and multiple keys as shown in the figure below. Triple DES with two keys is relatively preferred to DES but Triple DES with three keys is preferred overall. The plaintext P is encrypted with the first key K1, then decrypted with the second key K2 and then finally encrypted again with the third key K3.According to the figure the ciphertext C is produced as C = EK3DK2EK1PThese keys need to be applied in the reverse order while decrypting. The ciphertext c is decrypted with the third key K3 first, then encrypted with the second key K2, and then finally dec rypted again with the first key K1 also called as Encrypt-Decrypt-Encrypt (EDE) mode, producing the plaintext P as P = DK1EK2DK3CFigure Triple DES encryption/decryption 6 page 722.2.1.3 Advanced Encryption Standard2.3 Encryption in Database SecurityOrganizations are increasingly relying on, possibly distributed, information systems for daily business hence they become more vulnerable to security breaches even as they gain productivity and efficiency advantages. Database security has gained a substantial importance over the period of time. Database security has always been about protecting the data data in the form of customer information, intellectual property, financial assets, commercial transactions, and any number of other records that are retained, managed and used on the systems. The confidentiality and integrity of this data needs to be protected as it is converted into information and knowledge within the enterprise. tenderness enterprise data is stored in relational data bases and then offered up via applications to users. These databases typically store the most valuable information assets of an enterprise and are under perpetual threat, not only from the external users but also from the legitimate users such as trusted insiders, super users, consultants and partners or perhaps their unprotected user accounts that compromise the system and take or modify the data for some inappropriate purpose.To begin with, classifying the types of information in the database and the security needs associated with them is the first and important step. As databases are used in a multitude of ways, it is useful to have some of the primary functions characterized in order to understand the different security requirements. A number of security techniques have been developed and are being developed for database security, encryption being one of them. Encryption is defined as the process of transforming information (plaintext) using an encryption algorithm (cipher) i nto unreadable form (encrypted information called as ciphertext) making it inaccessible to anyone without possessing special knowledge to decrypt the information. The encoding of the data by a special algorithm that renders the data unreadable by any program without the decryption key, is called encryption 1.2.3.1 Access EncryptionThere are multiple reasons for access control to confidential information in enterprise computing environments being challenging. Few of them are First, the number of information services in an enterprise computing environment is huge which makes the management of access rights essential. Second, a client might not know which access rights are necessary in order to be granted access to the requested information before requesting access. Third, flexible access rights including context-sensitive constraints must be supported by access controlAccess control schemes can be broadly classified in two types proof-based and encryption-based access control schemes. In a proof-based scheme, a client needs to establish some access rights in a proof of access, which demonstrates to a service that the client is authorized to access the requested information. Proof-based access control is preferred to be used for scenarios where client specific access rights required are flexible. It becomes easy to include support for constraints if the access rights are flexible. However, it is not the same case for concealing access requirements. According to the quick designs, it is assumed that a service can inform a client of the nature of the required proof of access. The service does not need to locate the required access rights, which can be an expensive task, in proof-based access control scheme. 9 In an encryption-based access-control scheme, confidential information is provided to any client in an encrypted form by the service. Clients who are authorized to access the information have the corresponding decryption key. Encryption-based access-control scheme is attractive for scenarios where there are lashings of queries to a service shielding the service from having to run client-specific access control. As compared to proof-based access control it is straightforward to add support for covert access requirements to existing encryption-based architectures. In particular, all the information is encrypted by the service as usual, but the client is not told about the corresponding decryption key to use. The client has a set of decryption keys, the client now needs to search this set for a matching key. On the other hand, considering that key management should remain simple, it is slight straightforward to add support for constraints on access rights to the proposed architectures. 102.3.1.1 Encryption-Based Access ControlEncryption-based access control is attractive, in case there are lots of requests for the same information, as it is independent of the individual clients issuing these requests. For example, an information item can be encrypted once and the service can use the ciphertext for answering multiple requests. However, dealing with constraints on access rights and with granularity aware access rights becomes difficult with the uniform treatment of requests. Further challenges are presented in cases of covert access requirements and service-independent access rights. The main requirements for encryption based access control are Any knowledge about the used encryption key or the required decryption key must not be revealed by the encrypted information. For decrypting encrypted information, each value of a constraint must require a separate key that should be accessible only under the given constraint/value combination and we want a scheme that supports hierarchical constraints to make key management simple. The decryption key for coarse-grained information should be derivable from the key for fine-grained information to further simplify key management. A single decryption key will be used to decry pt the same information offered by multiple services as implied by the service-independent access rights. Because of this, same information can be accessed by a service encrypting information offered by other services in a symmetric cryptosystem. This problem can be avoided by using asymmetric cryptosystem. 82.3.1.2 Encryption-Based Access Control TechniquesAn access-control architecture will be an ideal one if the access rights are simple to manage the system is constrainable and is aware of granularity. The architecture also has to be asymmetric, provide indistinguishability, and be personalizable in the case of proof-based access control. Some common encryption-based access control techniques areIdentity Based Encryption An identity-based encryption scheme is specified by four randomized algorithms Setup takes a security parameter k and returns system parameters and master-key. The system parameters include a description of a finite message space m and a description of a finite ciphertext space c. Intuitively, the system parameters will be publically known, while the master-key will be known only to the Private Key Generator (PKG). Extract takes as input system parameters, master-key, and an arbitrary ID 0,1*, and returns a hidden key d. ID is an arbitrary string which is then used as a public key, and d is the corresponding private decryption key. The Extract algorithm extracts a private key from the given public key. Encrypt takes as input system parameters, ID, and M m. It returns a ciphertext C c. Decrypt takes as input system parameters, C c, and a private key d. It returns M m.Standard consistency constraint must be satisfied by these algorithms, especially when d is the private key generated by algorithm Extract when it is given ID as the public key, then M m Decrypt (params, d) = M where C = Encrypt (params, ID, M) 11 class-conscious Identity-Based Encryption One of the first practical IBE schemes was presented by Boneh and Franklin. Ge ntry and Silverberg 7 introduced Hierarchical Identity-Based Encryption scheme based on Boneh and Franklins work. In HIBE, private keys are given out by a root PKG to the sub PKGs, which then in turn distribute private keys to individuals (sub PKGs) in their domains. There are IDs associated with the root PKG and the public key of an individual corresponds to these IDs, any sub PKGs on the path from the root PKG to the individual, and the individual. Public parameters are required only from the root PKG for encrypting messages. It has the advantage of reducing the amount o

The Inhibitory Effects of Low Power Radiofrequency

The Inhibitory Effects of Low Power RadiofrequencyInhibitory effects of low thermal communicatefrequency radiation on physiological parameters of Zea mays seedlings expectantMihaela Rcuciu1, Cora Iftode2 and Simona Miclu3Abstract.The inhibitory effects of low power radiofrequency field on physiological parameters of Zea mays plantlets highly-developed from exposed seeds were obtained in present experiment. Identical biologic samples of 30 Zea mays seeds with a uniform genophond were exposed to a continuous wave at a frequency of 1GHz, inside a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell, for different photo propagation between 0 and 8 hours, and then let to germinate. By numeric dosimetry computations, an average specific absorption rate (SAR) of talent deposition per sample of 0.47W/kg was obtained and SAR distribution over the sample was resolved. The assimilative pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and chalk up carotenoid pigments) and average nucleic acids ( deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA) contents in the green tissues of all observational samples as well as in the control plants were essayed by spectrophotometric methods, after 12 long time of plant result. Decreased directs of all assimilatory pigments and nucleic acids were obtained for all exposure du balancens, as compared to the control sample. Also, it was found that the enhanced exposure time had an inhibitory effect on the growth of the 12 day old plantlets.IntroductionThe scientific interest about the effects of high frequency electromagnetic fields on biological materials, especially plants, dates since the 19th century 1. Not a few of the earlier experiments on plant material have been foc utilize on the effect of radio frequency electromagnetic fields on seeds. In many cases, the short exposure resulted in ontogenesisd germination rate and stimulation of seedlings growth 2. Ponomarev et al. 3 investigated the persuade of low intensity zap radiation on the germination of ce trulys (w inter and spring wheat, spring barley, oats), observing an increasing of germination rate for all the treated seeds. Khalafallah et al. showed in their experiment that the germination grains and growth rate of exposed maize seedlings, significantly increased compared to the control. Also, photosynthetic pigments levels, total soluble sugar and total carbohydrates were positively modify by 945MHz electromagnetic field exposure 4. Jonas reported that the action of microwave radiations on Zea mays seedlings damaged the photosynthetic system and led to significant increase of the carotene and anthocyanin production 5.Tkalec et al. exposed Lemna minor L. plants to 900 MHz electromagnetic field and then was observed a decreasing of the plants growth for 2 hours exposure, regular if the germination rate and the root lengths not changed significantly 6. M. Ursache et al. 7 exposed Zea mays seedlings at 418 MHz electromagnetic field for relatively short exposure generation (1 to 4 hours), and observed increasing of the photosynthetic pigments levels. L. Opric 8 has studied microwave treatment with power density under 1 mW/cm3 on rapeseeds and concluded that the exposure determined variations of catalase and peroxidase activities depending on the age of the plants and time of exposure. Sandu et al. 9 studied the 400MHz electromagnetic field influence on the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) seedlings. Chlorophyll a as well as chlorophyll b level was found to decrease and chlorophyll ratio was decreasing logarithmically to the increase of daily exposure time on the electromagnetic field. Roux et al. 10 showed that a non-thermal 900MHz electromagnetic field is able to evoke rapid accumulation of some transcripts (like Ca2+ receptors) that are known to play a role in the primaeval events of plant responses to stress in tomato plants.The present study aimed to quantify the effects of low-power 1GHz electromagnetic field action on Zea mays seeds, by assessing of the ph otosynthetic pigments and nucleic acid total level in seedlings developed from exposed seeds. The seeds exposure took place in a well-controlled environment and was seconded by a proper microwave dosimetric analysis.Materials and methodsBiological material. Considering its economic importance for agriculture and food industry the popcorn seeds (Zea mays) were chosen as biological material. In order to diminish the putative genophond variations in this experiment were used seeds from a single plant with vigorous biological features from an experimental micropopulation. Irradiated seeds germination occurred on porous paper support, in darkness and unlikable Petri deal outes, environmental conditions being kept under peer control (temperature being 240.50 C and 98% humidity). After germination the young plantlets development was conducted in the uniform controlled laboratory conditions (t=230.50C, illumination -11h 13h light/dark cycle and 90% humidity) and the culture medium of you ng plantlets was daily watered with the same tote up of deionized water.Exposure system and modelling- simulation. Biological samples composed of 30 Zea mays seeds each, having a uniform genophond, were exposed one by one (in a Petri dish) to 1GHz microwave, inside a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell, for different exposure times between 1 hour and 8 hours (Fig. 1). The TEM cell was model IFI CC-104SEXX (Instruments for Industry, USA) and at the input port the ensuant power Pin=11.5W was delivered from a radiofrequency signal generator model Hameg HM 3184-3 through a power amplifier Ophir 5150. At the output port the cell was terminate by a 50 ohm matched impedance. In this way, a relatively uniform electric (E) field strength distribution was obtained in a large intensiveness between the floor and the septum of the TEM cell x, at the place where the sample was exposed.A modelling-simulation step followed, in order to obtain the specific absorption rate of postcode depositi on (SAR) in the sample. The validation of the approach x showed that in general a good agreement between measured and simulated SAR is obtained. In present case, the simulation was made in CST Microwave Studio. The simulated TEM cell and the sample disposition inside it is observed in Fig. 1a, while in Fig.1b the distribution of the seeds in the Petri dish during exposure is indicated. Getting primary data from the real sample, each corn seed was then modelled as a little ellipsoid, with the axes of 10.80.41 cm, and with an average skunk of 0.317g. The mass density of a corn seed was of 1.8628g/cm3. The dielectric properties of the seeds were extracted from xx, by considering an average of 23% relative humidity of the sample. So, the dielectric data for Zea mays were relative permittivity real part which is related to the stored energy, was r=7.15, relative permittivity imaginary part, which is related to the dissipation (or loss) of energy was r =1.52, and the electric conducti vity was =84.510-3 S/m.(b)Fig.1. The modeled TEM cell and the disposal of the corn seeds sample inside it, for uniform exposure to 1GHz/11.5W a) the position of the Petri dish inside the cell during the exposure b) the disposal of the seeds inside the dishAnalysis methods. The assimilatory pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoid pigments) and average nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) levels in the green tissues of all experimental samples as well as in the control plants were assayed by spectrophotometric methods using a JASCO V530 spectrophotometer UV-VIS device provided with quartz cells of 1cm width, after the 12 days of plant growth. Using the Lichtenthaler and Welburns method 11, the assay of the assimilatory pigments extracts (in 80% acetone) was performed, while the assay of nucleic acid level (in perchloric acid 6% extracts) was carried out accordingly to modified Spirins method (Spirin 12 Struchkov et al. 13). Spectrophotometric measurements were performed at the wavelengths of 663nm, 646nm and 470nm (versus acetone 80%) for the assay of chlorophylls (Chla, Chlb) and carotenoids pigments (Car) from green tissues and, at 260nm and 280nm (versus perchloric acid 6%) in the case of nucleic acids. For obtaining of photosynthetic pigments levels, the formulas from Lichtenthaler and Welburn 11 were applied while the calibration curves (based on the spectral readings to the mentioned wavelengths) were used in the case of nucleic acids. The biological material, used in the analysis conducted in this study, was consisted of green tissue obtained by mixing up the green tissue from the all young plantlets grown from each experimental group (sample). It was used the same amount of fresh green tissue mass for each experimental sample. Plant individual length was measured with 0.1cm precision and the average lengths and the standard deviations were calculated for each batch of psychometric test seeds. Using the Student test, the confidence interval was calculated for every batch of plantlets for the confidence levels P = 90%, 95% and 99%. Since chlorophylls ratio revealed the response of the LHC II system (Light Harvesting Complex II) to the external stimuli, these experimental data offered the main insight into the photosynthesis Gordian processes (Ort et al.14).Statistic analysis. Statistic analysis of the experimental data, resulted from the three repetitions of the whole experiment, was accomplished by means of ANOVA test applied using MsExcell soft package to evaluate dependability of modifications induced by electromagnetic field exposure in comparison to the control ones as well as among the samples corresponding to different exposure time, considering the importation criterion of 0.05 (p value).Results and discussionsThe SAR distribution, obtained in the simulation (Fig.2), was not very uniform, varying between 0.27-0.65W/kg, with an average value SARavg=0.47W/kg. With this SAR value, and by considering a specific heat of the corn c=3350 J/kg.degC, an expected temperature increase due to microwave exposures between 0.50degC and 4.04degC is expected, when no heat exchange would take place between the seeds sample and the environment. This would conduct to a low-thermal effect.Fig.2. SAR distribution along the 30 seeds probe exposed in the TEM cell at 1GHzThe average lengths of plantlets and afferent standard deviations were calculated for each batch of test seeds and represent in Figure 2 in function of electromagnetic field exposure time. It was found an inhibitory effect on plant growth under the 1GHz electromagnetic field action with enhanced exposure times. The confidence interval was calculated for every batch of plantlets using the Student test, for the confidence level P = 90%. All length plantlet results are statistically significant in comparison to control.Fig.2. The average length of 12 days old plantlets in function of exposure timeThe contents of photosynthesis pigments (a and b chlorophylls and total carotenoids) in the green tissue of young Zea mays plantlets (aged of 12 days) for experimental samples in Fig. 3 are presented. The chlorophyll a level, the main photosynthesis pigment, was found decreased for all electromagnetic field exposure times used in this experiment relatively to the control sample (plants growth was performed only in deionised water presence) (statistically significant in relation to the threshold of 0.05).Fig. 3. Assimilatory pigments level in Zea mays plantlets versus 1GHz electromagnetic field exposure time. (Chl a the content of chlorophyll a, Chl b the content of chlorophyll b, Car the content of total carotenoid pigments).The total assimilatory pigments contents had the same variation to the increase of exposure time of electromagnetic field action on 12 days young plantlets that was observed for chlorophyll a level. The chlorophylls ratio (chlorophyll a / chlorophyll b) is considered the best indicator upon the photosynthes is process efficiency (Ort et al.14) which provides indirect information on the enzymatic aggregates of the Light Harvesting Complex II (LHC II) from the photosynthetic system II located in the chloroplasts membranes. A slight variation of chlorophylls ratio was observed for enhanced exposure time only for the greater exposure time (8 hours) was observed decreased value, with 22% than unexposed sample value (statistical significance was ensured relatively to the threshold of pFig. 4. The effects of electromagnetic field exposure on chlorophylls ratio (Chl a/Chl b)From results, it was observed for relatively small exposure times a tendency to accumulation of more chlorophylls than carotenoids while for enhanced exposure times (between 4 and 8 hours) this tendency has been changed, observing an accumulation of more carotenoids than chlorophylls at plant level. Chlorophylls to carotenoids ratio decreased with 1GHz electromagnetic field exposure time (Fig. 5).Fig.5. (Chl a+Chl b)/Car le vel for the plantlets provided by electromagnetic field exposed seedsThe nucleic acids average content in young Zea mays plantlets after 12 days of grown developed from 1GHz electromagnetic field exposed seeds is presented in Fig. 6. It was observed that for increasing electromagnetic field exposure time the nucleic acid biosynthesis was inhibited (about 75 %) in comparison to the control sample (plants developed from unexposed seeds). Applying the t-test to compare control and test sample, data for the average nucleic acid level statistic significance (pFig. 6. The level of DNA and RNA for the plantlets provided by electromagnetic field exposed seedsConclusionsReferences1 P. A. Ark, W. Parry, Application of high-frequency electrostatic fields in agriculture, The Quarterly Review of biological science, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 172191, 1940.2 V. N. Tran, Effects of microwave energy on the strophiole, seed coat and germination of acacia seeds, Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 277287, 1979.3 Ponomarev, L. I., V. . Dolgodvorov, V. V. Popov, S. V. Rodin, . . Roman, The effect of low-intensity electromagnetic microwave field on seed germination (in Russian), Proceedings of Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 1996, 2, 4246.4 A.A. Khalafallah, Samira M. Sallam, Response of maize seedlings to microwave at 945MHz, Romanian Journal of Biophysics, Vol. 19, No. 1, P. 4962, 20095 Jonas, H., Responses of maize seedlings to microwave irradiations, Environmental contamination Series B. Chemical and Physical, 1983, 6, 207219.6 M. Tkalec, K. Malaric, B. Pevalek-Koylina, Influence of 400, 900, and 1900 MHz electromagnetic fields on Lemna minor growth and peroxidase activity, Bioelectromagnetics, vol.26(3), pp.185193, 2005.7 M. Ursache, G. Mindru, D.E. Creanga, F.M. Tufescu, C. Goiceanu, The effects of high frequency electromagnetic waves on the vegetal organisms, Rom. Journ. Phys., Vol. 54, Nos. 12, P. 133145, 20098 L., Oprica, Effect of microwave on the dynam ics of some oxidoreductase enzymes in Brassica napus germination seeds, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Scientific Annals genetic and Molecular Biology Section, 2008, IX(4), 1116.9 D. D. Sandu, C. Goiceanu, A. Ispas, I. Creanga, S. Miclaus, D.E. Creanga, A preliminary study on ultra high frequency electromagnetic fields effect on black locust chlorophylls, Acta Biologica Hungarica, 56(1/2) (2005), 109-117.10 D. Roux, A.Vian, S. Girard, P. Bonnet, F. Paladian, E. Davies, G. Ledoigt, electromagnetic fields (900MHz) evoke consistent molecular responses in tomato plants, Physiologia Plantarum, vol. 128, pp.283-288, 2006.11 H.K. Lichtenthaler, A.R. Wellburn, Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents, Biochem. Soc. Transact., 11, 591 559 (1983)12 A. Spirin, Spectrophotometric determination of total nucleic acids, Biokhimiya (USSR), 23, 656662 (1958)13 V.A. Struchkov, N.B. Strazhevskaya, R.I. Zhdanov, DNA-bound lipids of normal and tumor cells retrospective and outlooks for functional genomics, Bioelectrochemistry, 58, 23-30 (2002)14 D. Ort, J. Whitmarsh, Photosynthesis. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Macmillan, London 2001.x C. Iftode C., S. Miclaus, Design and Validation of a TEM Cell Used for Radiofrequency Dosimetric Studies, Progress in Electromagnetic research PIER, vol. 132, pp.369-388, 2012.xx E. Surducan, C. Neamtu, V. Surducan, Dielectric properties of Zea mays kernels studies for Microwave Power Processing Applications, Processes in Isotopes and Molecules, Journal of Physics Conference Series 182 (2009) 012017, IOP Publishing, 2009.

Social Conformity Essay -- essays research papers

Human beings are defined as social animals because in every(prenominal) aspects of life they live together, they form a variety of assorts and improve relationships with each other. Inter natural process with others is a natural result of living in society. In the cognitive operation of interaction, society and its rules has a social impact on each individual. If people face with any kind of social impact such as group pressure, great part of them show conformity by changing their behaviors, ideas, decisions in expected way. A person conforms if he or she chooses a course of action that a majority favors or that is socially acceptable. Some kind of conformity is natural and socially healthy but obeying all the norms, ideas, and decisions without thinking or accept is harmful for the society and its democratic norms....

Gladiatorial Combat In Rome :: Gladiators, Chariots, Roman Games

Gladiatorial contests (munera gladitoria), hold a central place in ourperception of papistic behavior. They were also a big influence on how Romansthemselves ordered their lives. Attending the games was one of the practicesthat went with being a Roman. The Etruscans who introduced this type ofcontest in the sixth vitamin C BC, are credited with its development but its theRomans who made it famous. A surviving feature of the Roman games was when agladiator fell he was hauled out of the field by a slave dressed as the Etruscandeath-demon Charun. The slave would carry a hammer which was the demonsattribute. Moreover, the Latin term for a trainer-manager of gladiators(lanista), was believed to be an Etruscan word. (450) Gladiators of Ancientcapital of Italy lived their lives to the absolute fullest.Gladiatorial duels had originated from funeral games given in order tosatisfy the dead mans need for blood, and for centuries their principleoccasions were funerals. The first gladiatorial combats therefore, took placeat the sculpture of those being honored, but once they became public spectaclesthey moved into amphitheaters. (283) As for the gladiators themselves, an auraof religious sacrifice continued to hang about their combats. Obviously closelyspectators just enjoyed the massacre without any remorseful reflections. Evenancient writers felt no pity, they were aware that gladiators had originatedfrom these holocausts in honor of the dead. What was offered to appease thedead was counted as a funeral rite. It is called munus (a service) from being aservice due. The ancients thought that by this sort of spectacle they rendereda service to the dead, after they had made it a more cultured form of cruelty.The whimsey was that the souls of the dead are appeased with human blood, theyuse to sacrifice captives or slaves of poor quality at funerals. Afterwards itseemed good to obscure their impiety by qualification it a pleasure. (6170) So afterthe acquired person had b een trained to fight as best they can, their trainingwas to learn to be killed For such reasons gladiators were sometimes known asbustuarii or funeral men. Throughout many centuries of Roman history, thesecommemorations of the dead were still among the principle occasions for suchcombats. Men writing their wills often made provisions for gladiatorial duelsin connection with their funerals. Early in the first century AD, the people ofPollentia forcibly prevented the burial of an official, until his heirs had beencompelled to provide money for a gladiators show. (1174)It was in Campania and Lucania that the gladiatorial games came to their

Hector Berliozs Symphonie Fantastique Essay -- Composer Music Berlioz

Hector Berliozs Symphonie FantastiqueHector Berlioz wrote the Symphonie fantastique at the age of 27. He based the design on his own impassioned spirit and transferred his memoirs into his best- known program symphony. The story is about a love sick, depressed young artist, while in his desperation poisons himself with opium. His beloved is represented throughout the symphony by the typic idee fixe. There are five apparent movements throughout symphony. The program begins with the 1st movement Reveries, Passions symbolizing the artists life prior to meeting his beloved. This is represented as a mundaness and indefinable searching or yearning, until suddenly, he meets her and his longing abruptly ceases and is replaced by vol push asideic love. The soaring pains bring into beings the Idee fixe and is introduced in this section. The 2nd movement A Ball. This movement is representative of the gala ball where he once again sees his beloved. This section is a dance movement in three -part form. The Idee fixe reappears in waltz time. The 3rd movement Scene in the Fields. This section represents a tranquil interval. It is a summer evening in the uncouth and he hears two shepherds piping. The tranquil moment of the quiet summer evening alone with the pastoral duet fills his heart with an unfamiliar calm. Suddenly she appears and her appearance causes an ablaze response of sorrowful loneliness. The 4th movement March To the Scaffold. He dreams that he has killed his beloved, he is condemned to die and is being lead to the scaffold. At the end of this movement the Idee fixe reappears for a short instance and the reappearance becomes symbolic of the last thought of love that is interrupted by the axe. The 5th movement Dream of a Witch?s Sab... ...ty has arisen and then suddenly, all is quiet and the Idee fixe, the sweet melody of the clarinet is heard . Without warning the axe has fallen, the sweet clarinet melody is cut off by the crash of a symbol and then the c oda. My Impression Harriet Smithson should be proud to have this symphonie written about her. The symphonie fantastique fourth movement relates a quality of energy that is consistant with inapropriate mood changes that can sometimes be captured when in a dream-like state. The march to the scafold begins to become disoriented when rather then a death march, it starts to develop a pompous overtone, and become more or a grand prominade, but this is part of the composer?s genous. He composed the music to what would be the disjunct qualities of a dream-like state. This music relates an abstractness that is symbolic of the mind in a semi- conscious state.

A Note Regarding Paul de Mans The Intention Structure of the Romantic Image :: Essays Papers

A Note Regarding Paul de Mans The Intention Structure of the Romantic Image In The Intentional Structure of the Romantic Image, one encounters a piece of the twentieth-century discussion of the philosophical considerations of language. One can say that Paul de Man really takes the assimilate of Romanticism akin to that of Martin Heideggers view of poetry in general. Heidegger states that poetry must be a kind of speaking being or the creation of something bran-new through language.(Note 1) Language itself stands upon itself in poetry according to Heidegger. De Man picks up the broad discussion of what language is with his discussion of the Romantic image. The main thesis of this strive lies in the difference between the everyday consciousness that one has of the concrete world and the consciousness which one achieves through the Romantic image. De Man says that these two functions of the consciousness differ and that the objects one finds in concrete nature be essentially diffe rent from those found in Romantic imagery.Paul de Man begins with a discussion of how the simile works in Romantic literature. In order to illustrate his tiptop, he provides a simile from Holderlin. The English translation of this simile may be rendered in two ways according to helpful foot channel on page 67. One may either translate, Words will originate that are the likes of flowers, or, Words will have to originate in the same way that flowers originate. (Note 2) The latter rendering, that with which da Man concerns himself, provides a relationship between the inception of flowers and the origination of countersigns. This simile relates something which is lifelike or found in nature, the origination of flowers, to something which does not have the same objective existence, the formation of words. This simile of words originating like flowers gives one an image which will not correspond to the natural object, the flowers, as they exist in ones everyday experience of the world . One can take note of flowers blooming in a field, but one cannot sensibly see words blooming in a poem. In order to make his point clear, da Man discusses the difference between what he calls the natural object and the image. According to da Man, the natural object rests safe in its immediate being. (Note 3) The concreteness of the natural object provides stability in its very being. The natural object does not need to be qualified in the same way that a word does.

Essay --

1 INTRODUCTION haptics is a recent enhancement to virtual environments allowing users to touch and feel the delusive objects with which they move. Haptics is the science of touch. The word derives from the Greek haptikos meaning being able to come into contact with. The study of haptics emerged from advances in virtual reality. Virtual reality is a digit of human-computer interaction (as opposed to keyboard, mouse and monitor) providing a virtual environment that one mickle explore through direct interaction with our senses. To be able to interact with an environment, there must be feedback. For example, the user should be able to touch a virtual object and feel a response from it. This type of feedback is called haptic feedback .In human-computer interaction haptic feedback means both tactile and force feedback. Tactile, or touch feedback is the term applied to sensations felt by the skin. Tactile feedback allows users to feel things such(prenominal) as the texture of surfaces, temperature and vibration. Force feedback reproduces directional forces that can result from solid boundaries, the weight of grasped virtual objects, and mechanical compliance of object and inertia. Tactile feedback, as a component of virtual reality simulations, was pioneered at MIT. The term haptics in its broadest sense relates to the study of touch and the faculty by which external objects or forces are perceived through contact with the body. The word itself derives from the Greek haptikos, able to touch. Haptics can be found in wide range of devices. In the extreme with compliancy to precision, surgical simulators use haptics to provide realistic forces that emulate the feel of a real medical procedure. In the extreme with respect to the magnitude of t... ...licationsDesign and apparatus a few haptic related projects for the benefit of physically challenged people. This proposal develops an approach for haptic exploration of unknown objects by robotic fingers. Because hapt ic exploration is mate with manipulation and exploration using a sequence of phases is presented. With specialized fingers and sensors and appropriate planning and control robots can also be enabled to explore the worlds through touch. Haptic exploration has applications in many areas including planetary exploration, undersea salvage, operations in remote and hazardous conditions. Application of the human haptic interaction, multi sensory perception, action and multimodal feedback can be applied in the fields of education, rehabilitation, medicine, computer aided design, skill training, computer games, driver controls, simulation and visualization.

Obesity Alters Gut Microbial Ecology Essay -- Biology

A common theme among the concerns of todays American citizens is that of obesity. Obesity, identifiable by abnormal fat accumulation, can be delineate in absolute terms by one who has a Body Mass Index (BMI) over 30. It is estimated that over 30 percent of American adults be clinically obese. This number has shown a dramatic increase from the 15 percent of American adults suffering from obesity in 1980. Globally, 400 million adults are obese, composition predictions place this number at 700 million by 2015. The major issue confronting this adiposity is the health conditions that accompany states of extreme obesity. These include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, sleep apnea, and degenerative joint disease among others. The escalating number of obese and the health effects connected to this condition have resulted in increased research and attention to the study of obesity.It is the common belief that the hit of obesity is solely due to an excessive consumption of food. However, recent studies have made a correlation mingled with obesity and the diversity of microbiota in the gut. ane project of focus (Obesity alters gut microbial ecology) measured the proportions of gut microbes in mice populations and hypothesized a relationship between this bacterial number and consistence mass.The significance of this field of study is vital to the issue of obesity. First, such a discovery would falsify the stereotype that obesity is exclusively a result of a disproportionate intake of calories. Instead, it would show that this condition is a genetic trait which maintains an acute relationship with the composition of microbes in the gut. More importantly, if the exact association between obesity and gut microbes can be discovered, it may be possible to alter or... ...05. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 21 Oct 2007. . * Obesity. Wikipedia. 14 Nov 2007. . * Obesity and Overweight. Media Centre. Sept 2006. orbit Health Organization. 1 Nov 2007. . * O verweight and Obesity. Diseases and Conditions Index. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. 1 Nov 2007. . * Smith, Christopher M. DNA Sequence and Structural Analysis. 17 Feb 2004. The Regents of the University of California. 21 Oct 2007. . * University of Maryland. Phylogenetic Analysis I. 2006. 21 Oct. 2007. .

Supporting Prayer in Public Schools Essay -- Religion

Our Father Denied For centuries, the debate has existed whether or not to wholeow prayer in public schools. Many Americans feel it is not right of the schools to pick up religion. With all the diversity associated with the United States, public schools cannot select one standard religion to practice, due to the cultural and religious differences in the country. Not only are schools the pull center of controversy involving religious differences, they are the principal institution charged with transmitting the identity and mission of the United States from one generation to the next. If we fail in our school policies and classrooms to model and to teach how to live with differences, we endanger our experiment in religious liberty and our unity as a nation. According to the First Amendment of the Constitution, carnal knowledge shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof (usconstitution.net). The writers of the Constitution made it an important point in protecting exemption and religion. The writers then even stressed the importance of being able to be in any religion that suited a person. The First Amendment of the Constitution removes presidency from the realm of religious belief and practice so that the state can neither subvert nor manipulate religion to serve secular, public ends (Keynes and Miller 177). It is virtuous ignorance for someone to think that one religion is accepted throughout the world. No man or woman should be forced into a specific religion, quieted by peers, or not allowed to gather as a group of students just to pray. A Congress that allows God to be banned from our schools while our schools can teach about cults, Hitler and even devil worship is wrong, out of t... ...reward in full. But when you pray, go into your room, close the door and pray to your Father, who is unseen. Then your Father, who sees what you have done in secret, will reward you (Matthew 65-6 Holy Bible NIV). It would be beneficial to all if the advice set forth by Matthew the Apostle, was followed both in private deportment and mirrored with public schools. Works citedU.S Constitution Online. Steve Mount. 12 May 2008. 6 November 2008. Religion and Prayer in the US Public Schools. B.A. Robinson. 2006 October 11. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 6 November 2008.Keynes, Edward and Miller, Randall K. Court vs. Congress. North Carolina, Duke University Press, 1989. http//books.google.com/books?id=_Ebb2wsxkF4C. 6 November 2008Americans United for Separation of Church and State. Americans United for Separation of Church and State.

Supporting Prayer in Public Schools Essay -- Religion

Our Father Denied For centuries, the debate has existed whether or not to allow petitioner in public schools. Many Ameri moves feel it is not right of the schools to teach godliness. With all the diversity associated with the fall in States, public schools cannot select one standard religion to practice, due to the cultural and religious differences in the country. Not only are schools the storm center of controversy involving religious differences, they are the principal institution supercharged with transmitting the identity and mission of the United States from one generation to the next. If we fail in our school policies and classrooms to model and to teach how to live with differences, we endanger our experiment in religious liberty and our unity as a nation. According to the First Amendment of the Constitution, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free recital thereof (usconstitution.net). The writers of the Constitution ma de it an important point in protecting freedom and religion. The writers then even stressed the importance of being able to be in any religion that suited a person. The First Amendment of the Constitution removes government from the realm of religious belief and practice so that the state can neither subvert nor manipulate religion to serve secular, public ends (Keynes and Miller 177). It is pure ignorance for someone to think that one religion is accepted throughout the world. No man or woman should be forced into a specific religion, quieted by peers, or not allowed to gather as a group of students vindicatory to pray. A Congress that allows God to be banned from our schools while our schools can teach about cults, Hitler and even devil worship is wrong, out of t... ...reward in full. precisely when you pray, go into your room, close the door and pray to your Father, who is unseen. Then your Father, who sees what you have done in secret, will reward you (Matthew 65-6 Holy Bible NIV). It would be practiced to all if the advice set forth by Matthew the Apostle, was followed both in private life and mirrored with public schools. Works citedU.S Constitution Online. Steve Mount. 12 May 2008. 6 November 2008. Religion and Prayer in the US Public Schools. B.A. Robinson. 2006 October 11. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 6 November 2008.Keynes, Edward and Miller, Randall K. Court vs. Congress. North Carolina, Duke University Press, 1989. http//books.google.com/books?id=_Ebb2wsxkF4C. 6 November 2008Americans United for Separation of Church and State. Americans United for Separation of Church and State.

Disaster in Bangladesh: The Collapse of the Rana Plaza Building Essay

1. From an economic perspective, was the shift to a free trade regime in the fabric industry good for Bangladesh? Employment and economic growth in Bangladesh depends upon exports of fabric products which were allowed through a preferential quota system for textile market export from slimy markets to rich markets. As soon as the shift to a free trade regime appeared along with the competition with countries such as China and Indonesia the spry collapse of Bangladeshs textile industry has been predicted. However, the opposite occurred. We can highlight three major reasons to explain what happened First is labor costs are low, plane lower than in China. Obviously low hourly wages rates explain it but not only. Investments by textile manufacturers in productivity-boosting technology move the labor costs in Bangladesh making it one of the worlds low-cost producers. Indeed, this was an advantage during the recession because big significationers increased their purchases at low pric es. min is strong network of supporting industries. Thus, trims manufacturers save transport and storage costs, import duties which boost their productivity. The last one is many western importers looking to diversify their put out sources. Indeed, importers fear to become too dependent toward China. As a conclusion, the reasons why Bangladesh took advantage from the shift to a free trade regime in the textile industry are beyond only low wage rates. Moreover, Bangladeshs textile market may keep growing the next years because the impetus to shift textile production away from China may continue as the wage rates are increasing disruptive.2. Economically who benefits when retailers in europium and the United States source textiles from low-wage countries such as Bangladesh? Who might lose? Do the gains outweigh the losses? For Bangladesh, it has competitive advantages which are low cost and low price. For U.S., it has high price and fewer garments purchased locally also, it has possible loss. Low income countries, Bangladeshs economy, Hong Kong and customers benefit when retailers in the U.S source textiles form low-wage countries. High development countries such as U.S. may lose. Yes, gains do outweigh the losses. Bangladesh will slowly develop.Economy will get improve.3. What the causes of the weak safety record of the Bangladesh garment industry? Do Western companies that import garments from Bangladesh bear any responsibility for what happened at the Rana Plaza and other workplace accidents?There are few regulations in Bangladesh, there are no rules whatsoever that cannot be bent. From this we can see that the government of Bangladesh does not care close to the safety about these factories. The industry is characterized by low cost, fast production relying on cheap labor and production costs to compete with its competitors. Over three million workers, the majority of whom are young women, are assiduous in the Bangladesh garment industry and remain t he lowest paid garment workers in the world. The lack of alternative employment options combined with widespread poverty baseborn these women are forced to accept jobs that are poorly paid and carried out in workplaces that fail to adhere to the most basic standards of health and safety. The rapid intricacy of the industry has led to the conversion of many buildings, built for other purposes, into factories, often without the required permits.Others have had extra floors added or have increased the workforce and machinery to levels beyond the safe capacity of the building. Many factories run throughout the day and night in order to meet production targets. The establishment of factories, or the conversions of other buildings into garment factories, has often been done as quickly and as cheaply as possible, resulting in widespread safety problems including faulty electrical circuits, unstable buildings, inadequate escapism routes and unsafe equipment. Yes, I infer western compani es should bear the responsibility. They need cheap labor in Bangladesh, but without considering and oversight of security issues about these factories4. Do you think the legally binding agreement signed by H&M, Zara, Tesco and others will make a difference? Does it go far enough? What else might be done? Yes, I think the legally binding agreement can improve the safety level of factories in Bangladesh. But, I think it is not enough, quint years agreement it is not enough. If they still want to produce their product, they need supervise the safety forever. They must to focus on the workerssafety.5. What do you think about Walt Disneys decision not to purchase merchandise from Bangladesh? Is this an appropriate way of dealing with the problem? I think that Disneys making a steal here, withdrawing from any form of manufacturing in Bangladesh. It is of course their business and its quite probably a decent enough short term move for them. However, its exactly the wrong decision if were going to try and solve that long term problem of poverty in Bangladesh.6. What do you think of Wal-Marts approach to this problem? Is the company doing enough? What else could it do? I do not like the way that Wal-Marts approach to this problem. Wal-Marts approach is to a greater extent like a perfunctory. Bangladeshs factories need a thorough safety inspection and refurbishment, not just set up an independent call nerve centre for garment workers to report unsafe working conditions. It is not enough. At least, Wal-Mart needs to sign the legally binding agreement like H&M, Zara, Tesco and others.

Isolation of Eugenol from Cloves

The experiment conducted, isolation of eugenol from cloves, is the suggestion of the essential oil. To perform this experiment cloves and wet were mixed together and heated by a heat energy mantle in a binge-bottom flask. A direct stem distillation took place, and the oil product was out aside for a week. After nonpareil week, the isolation of the eugenol actually takes place. Next the thin-layer chromatographic analysis takes place, but the experiment did not proceed to that step due to the incorrect amount of NaOH.IntroductionThe isolation of eugenol from cloves is isolated from ground cloves using the technique of steamer distillation, which is often used to isolate liquid natural products from plants. Essential oils are also used to levy flavoring, fragrance, and cleaning products. The compounds found in the essential oil of cloves are eugenol, eugenol acetate, and B-caryophyllene. Smaller amounts of compounds found in the essential oil of cloves are hydrocarbons, alcohol, phenol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, acid, and ester. Essential oils are explosive and have an odor. Essential oils are often flammable, soluble in alcohol and ether but partially soluble in water. The technique used was steam distillation. The steam distillation technique was used because it lowers the pressure in the flask so that it does not have to be heated at such a high temperature. High temperatures could possibly decompose organic compounds.ExperimentThe first procedure used in the experiment was 25.3g of whole cloves into a 500ml round flask. because add 150ml of water into the 500ml round flask. Connect the apparatus, displace with water, distillation head, condenser, and receiver using grease and clips to hold the equipment together. Connect the equipment to a stand by the separatory funnel so it can stand alone. Place the 500 round flask into the heating mantle. Place two pipes in the two openings of the equipment. The opening closest to the 500ml round ball flask, the water will be exiting into the drain. The opening closest to the 250ml round ball flask, the water will be entering. A pipe was placed in the water outlet and turned on The water began to boil the cloves. Distilling continued until 75ml of the liquid was roll up. When the water boiled to high the heat was decreased to prevent bumping. When the water level got low water was released in the 500ml round ball flask from the separatory funnel. The liquid collected was sealed with a stopper and set aside until the neighboring lab.The next lab, 6g of NaCl was assed to 100ml distillacte. The solution was poured into the separatory funnel. In the separatory funnel 25ml of CH2Cl2 was added, and the two solutions separated. The dichloromethane was higher density liquid and the aqueous solution was the lower density liquid. Pressure was released from the separatory funnel and tipped over 3 clock. The dichloromethane which was the bottom layer was drained and collected into Erlenmeyer flask. After repeating this step 3 times, the aqueous solution was cast out which appeared white and cloudy.Next CaCl2 was added to the flask containing CH2Cl2 extract into a graduated cylinder which was 58ml. From the total amount of the 58ml CaCl2 and CH2Cl2, one-fifth of the solution which was 11.6ml was added into an erlenmeyer flask and boiled. While boiling the CH2Cl2 evaporated. in the beginning the solution was transferred into the vial, the vial was pre-weighed. After the solution was added the vial a hairdryer was used. The vial weighted 2.17g.Four-fifth of the CH2Cl2 extract was transferred in the separatory funnel. 25 portion of the 50 percent NaOH was added to the separatory funnel, and collected the aqueous layers. The process was repeated 3 times. The CH2Cl2 solution was kept as well. The separatory funnel was washed with 25ml of CH2Cl2. The CH2Cl2 was then discarded and the aqueous solution was capped and go away for next lab. Before CaCl2 was added to CH2Cl2 extract an Erlenmeyer was pre-weighed at 117.26g. The solvent then evaporated and weighed in at 142.45. The solvent was stored to the next lab. The next week the experiment did not go to completion.ResultsThe amount of the essential oil was the little vial times 5 which was 10.85g. The amount used to isolate the essential oil was the little vial times 4 which was 8.68g. From the amount CaCl2 and CH2Cl2 solvent was 25.19g. The other results were not completed due to an error in the experiment.DiscussionThe experiment did not go to completion, because 50 percent of NaOH was used instead of 5 percent of NaOH. The pH was 15 percent. The complete process of the experiment is steam distillation of the eugenol in cloves. After the eugenol is in the distillation extract with dichloromethane. Eugenol in the dichloromethane extract is extract with potassium hydroxide. The eugenol in base extract is wash with dichloromethane, acidify with hydrochloric acid, extract with dichloromethane. Eugenol in dichl oromethane extract is washed with distilled water, wash with sodium chloride, dry with sodium sulfate, and distill off dichloromethane. The result will be pure eugenol.